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Spinosad also has secondary effects as a γ-amino-butyric acid (GABA) neurotransmitter agonist. Spinosoid binding leads to disruption of acetylcholine neurotransmission.
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The spinosyns and spinosoids have a novel mode of action, primarily targeting binding sites on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) of the insect nervous system that are distinct from those at which other insecticides have their activity. The mode of action of spinosoid insecticides is by a neural mechanism. The species subject to very high rates of mortality as larvae, but not as adults, may gradually be controlled through sustained larval mortality. It affects certain species only in the adult stage, but can affect other species at more than one life stage. Its overall protective effect varies with insect species and life stage. Spinosad is highly active, by both contact and ingestion, in numerous insect species. Spinosad contains a mix of two spinosoids, spinosyn A, the major component, and spinosyn D (the minor component), in a roughly 17:3 ratio. Spinosyns occur in over 20 natural forms, and over 200 synthetic forms (spinosoids) have been produced in the lab. Spinosad is a novel mode-of-action insecticide derived from a family of natural products obtained by fermentation of S. Spinosad is relatively nonpolar and not easily dissolved in water. Spinosad is a mixture of chemical compounds in the spinosyn family that has a generalized structure consisting of a unique tetracyclic ring system attached to an amino sugar ( D-forosamine) and a neutral sugar (tri- Ο-methyl- L-rhamnose). spinosa was isolated from soil collected inside a nonoperational sugar mill rum still in the Virgin Islands. This genus is defined as aerobic, Gram-positive, nonacid-fast actinomycetes with fragmenting substrate mycelium. The bacteria produce yellowish-pink aerial hyphae, with bead-like chains of spores enclosed in a characteristic hairy sheath. The genus Saccharopolyspora was discovered in 1985 in isolates from crushed sugarcane. Spinosad is an insecticide based on chemical compounds found in the bacterial species Saccharopolyspora spinosa.